LVM3 Semi Cryogenic Stage

(Mains Exam, General Studies Paper- 3: Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Development of Technology Indigenously and Development of New Technology)

Reference

As per ISRO's announcement, the first flight of LVM3 equipped with semi-cryogenic stage is scheduled in the year 2027.

What is LVM3

It is India's most powerful operational launch vehicle also known as GSLV Mk III.
Carrying capacity: Capable of carrying up to 4 tonnes to Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO) and 10 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
Use: In major missions like Chandrayaan-2, OneWeb launch and Gaganyaan test flights.
The three-stage LVM3 rocket has completed its first experimental flight in December 2014.

What is the new semi-cryogenic stage

Current main stage: Uses liquid propellants (UH25 + N2O4)
New stage: Will use kerosene (RP-1) and liquid oxygen (LOX) which is more safe, efficient and environmentally friendly.
The semi-cryogenic stage is designed to make it even more powerful, increase payload capacity while keeping the cost low.
Being developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Center (LPSC) under the SCE-200 engine project.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Semi-Cryogenic Integrated Engine and Stage Test Facility (SIET) at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) in Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu in February 2024.

Benefits of Semi-cryogenic Engines

Higher propulsion and better efficiency than conventional liquid engines
Reduced dependency on foreign technology
Important for future heavy lift launch vehicles and human space flight

Relevance for Gaganyaan and future

Semi-cryogenic engine integration is essential for next generation reusable rockets.
Enhances India’s capability for deep space missions, heavy satellite launches and future space station logistics.

Challenges

Complex engine testing and qualification
Integration with existing LVM3 systems
Ensuring reliability for manned missions

Conclusion

The 2027 LVM3 launch with a semi-cryogenic stage is a significant milestone in India’s march towards self-reliant, high-propellant launch systems, marking indigenous advancements in space technology and paving the way for advanced space exploration.